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All these have resulted in dramatic drop in AIDS cases among children (< 13 yo), especially pediatric cases (see Figure 1).
Injection drug use (IDU) has been the major cause of HIV infection of pregnant women responsible for perinatal HIV transmission during the 1980s. Since the early 1990's there has been a dramatic rise in heterosexual transmission of HIV to women (see Figure 2) -- especially among African-Americans and Hispanics -- now accounting for most of recent cases perinatal HIV transmission. This dramatic shift is reflected the cases of pediatric HIV infection, disproportionately affecting ethnic minorities, especially African-Americans and Hispanics (see Figure 3).
It is possible to reduce perinatal HIV transmission (mother-to-child transmission of HIV) through treatment of the HIV-infected mother with antiretroviral drugs (e.g., ZDV) during the course of pregnancy, careful delivery and no breastfeeding. Continued treatment of the child with antiretroviral drugs reduces progression to AIDS, if the child was still infected. Success in reduction of perinatal HIV transmission in a a number of states in the US came from implementation of aggressive testing, counseling and treatment36 of pregnant women.
The above precautions require early screening of pregnant women, for possible HIV infection. Unfortunately, the most recent cases of pediatric HIV infection disproportionately affect ethnic minorities, especially African-Americans and Hispanics (see Figure 3). Pregnant women among these groups, especially those who are at great risk (see Figure 2) are less likely or unable (to afford) the prenatal care needed for early detection of possible HIV infection needed to implement protocol to reduce perinatal HIV transmission .
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- Mother's Exposure Category by Year of Diagnosis for Perinatally Acquired AIDS, 1982-1999 (US)36
- AIDS in Children <13 Years of Age by Exposure Category Reported in 2000 and Cumulative (US)36
- Perinatally Acquired AIDS Cases by Quarter-Year of Diagnosis, 1985-1999 (US)36
- Percent of Perinatally HIV Exposed or Infected Children who Received or whose Mothers Received any ZDV, Born 1993-1999 in 36 States36
- Pediatric AIDS Cases Reported in 2000 (US)36
- Perinatally Acquired AIDS Cases by Age at Diagnosis, 1982-200036
- Children <13 Years of Age Living with HIV Infection and AIDS, Reported through 2000 (US)36
- AIDS-Defining Conditions Most Commonly Reported for Children <13 Years of Age, Reported through 2000 (US)36
- AIDS-Defining Conditions by Age at Diagnosis for Perinatally Acquired AIDS Cases, Reported through 2000 (US)36
- Mother's Exposure Category for Perinatally Acquired AIDS by Year of Diagnosis, 1996-1999 and Cumulative (US)36
- AIDS Rates per 100,000 Children <13 Years of Age by Race/Ethnicity (US)36
- Percent of Perinatally HIV Exposed or Infected Children who Received or whose Mothers Received any ZDV, Born 1993-March 1999 in 34 States (US)36
- Time of Maternal HIV Testing among Children Perinatally Exposed or Infected or with AIDS, Reported in 1999 (US)36
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Notes and Footnotes:
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Untitled Use the icons (e.g., "AIDS Primer", "AIDS in America", etc.) as well as the underlined items to jump from one section to another. Also, most of the figures and illustrations shown here are linked to their original sources. -
Untitled Unless otherwise specified, all the statistical AIDS data and resulting figures presented for the United States were from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC is the major US federal agency responsible for the surveillance and dissemination of information on HIV and AIDS in the United States. The various information databases created by CDC are integrated, along with other AIDS databases from other sources, in the A-Z navigation index of AIDS Primer. -
Untitled Click on Literature Sources to access the source of the information database, specified as superscript after each topic link.